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New International Human Rights Standards on Unauthorized Immigrant Worker Rights: Seizing an Opportunity to Pull Governments out of the Shadows

机译：关于未经批准的移民工人权利的新国际人权标准：抓住机会将政府从阴影中拉出来

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Governments cannot ignore international human rights standards for unauthorized migrant workers forever. This chapter presents a call for comparative work on the issue of the legal regimes affecting unauthorized immigrant workers in order to bring governments into greater awareness and compliance with their obligations to unauthorized immigrant workers.Global illegal migration by laborers seeking economic opportunities is expanding, resulting in an increasing number of migrants in every country who are working in violation of immigration laws. Unauthorized immigrant workers are numerous enough to form a recognizable group in every major world economy, because most receiving countries have immigration laws that make the existence of such a group inevitable. On the one hand, these countries welcome and avail themselves of the physical labor of foreigners. But on the other hand, their laws restrict the number of legally issued visas and other immigration possibilities available for blue-collar workers to migrate legally. Therefore, only an insignificant percentage of the actual number of workers demanded by receiving-country employers are afforded a legal means to enter the country and take on the jobs they seek.In recent years, a spate of new international and regional legal developments has established and extended the human rights of these unauthorized migrant workers. The international community, however, has not embraced the standards on unauthorized migrant workers with enthusiasm. For example, ratification of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families remains very low.This chapter first posits that comparative research could play an important role in developing and improving ratification of norms for the protection of unauthorized immigrant workers. The weak status of international migrant human rights treaties such as the Convention demonstrates two intertwined phenomena: the international human rights community’s awareness of the particularly vulnerable condition of unauthorized migrant workers, and most national governments’ preference to avoid granting rights to this population. In this situation, the development, publication, and analysis of information on national treatment of unauthorized immigrant workers is urgently needed to support the new standards. Awareness about national policies will further the international norms by: (1) identifying the best practices for replicating and building customary international law; (2) identifying violative practices and situations where new standards would most profitably be disseminated; and (3) placing national laws about unauthorized workers into a human rights framework to create new paradigms and approaches to these laws.Secondly, the chapter argues that comparative research relating to this population is lacking. The extensive literature on comparative labor and employment rights rarely touches on this population. Immigration laws are also subjects of legal surveys and comparative work that, again, generally do not include information specifically relevant to unauthorized migrant workers and their rights qua workers. These efforts should be expanded or supplemented by work that includes issues of particular importance to unauthorized workers and to the receiving and sending governments whose policies affect them.Finally, the chapter proposes principles that should underlie national studies and research. To facilitate comparative projects, the chapter proposes considerations for constructing effective comparisons of this complex policy area, arguing for three underlying principles: (1) as unauthorized immigrants are affected by a range of legal regimes, neither immigration nor labor law alone can address their human rights situation, but all relevant regimes must be addressed, including the special problem of enforcement and providing remedies to a shadow labor force; (2) national studies should not ignore instrumental arguments, for example the positive correlation between enforcement and security issues that preoccupy the polity, but should instead make clear the enforcement effect of providing rights to the workers through dampening of employer demand; and (3) comparative research must be structured to support and further new international standards relating to unauthorized immigrant workers.
机译：各国政府永远不能无视移徙工人的国际人权标准。本章呼吁就影响未授权移民工人的法律制度问题进行比较工作，以使政府更加认识并履行其对未授权移民工人的义务。全球寻求经济机会的劳工的非法移民正在扩大，导致在每个国家中，越来越多的移民在违反移民法。未经授权的移民工人数量众多，足以在每个主要的世界经济体中组成一个可识别的群体，因为大多数接收国都制定了使该群体不可避免存在的移民法。一方面，这些国家欢迎并利用外国人的体力劳动。但另一方面，他们的法律限制了合法签发的签证数量以及蓝领工人合法移民可用的其他移民可能性。因此，只有很少一部分接收国雇主要求的实际工人获得了进入该国并从事其所寻求工作的法律手段。近年来，国际和地区法律的新发展在不断涌现。并扩展了这些未经许可的移民工人的人权。但是，国际社会还没有热情地接受未经批准的移徙工人的标准。例如，对《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》的批准率仍然很低。本章首先认为，比较研究可以在制定和改进批准保护移徙工人的规范方面发挥重要作用。未经授权的移民工人。 《公约》等国际移民人权条约的薄弱地位表明了两个相互交织的现象：国际人权界对未经授权的移民工人的特别脆弱状况的认识，以及大多数国家政府倾向于避免向该人口授予权利。在这种情况下，迫切需要开发，发布和分析有关未经批准的移民工人的国民待遇的信息，以支持新标准。对国家政策的认识将通过以下方式促进国际规范：（1）确定复制和建立习惯国际法的最佳做法； （2）找出可以最有利地传播新标准的违规做法和情况； （3）将有关未经授权工人的国家法律纳入人权框架，以为这些法律创建新的范式和方法。其次，本章认为缺乏与该人群有关的比较研究。关于比较劳动和就业权的大量文献很少涉及这一人群。移民法也是法律调查和比较工作的主题，这些调查又通常不包括与未经授权的移民工人及其权利工人特别相关的信息。这些工作应通过扩大或补充这些工作来解决，这些工作包括对未经授权的工人以及影响其政策的接收和发送政府特别重要的问题。最后，本章提出了应作为国家研究基础的原则。为便于进行比较项目，本章提出了构想，对这一复杂的政策领域进行有效的比较，并提出了三项基本原则：（1）由于未经授权的移民受到一系列法律制度的影响，因此，无论是移民法还是劳动法都无法解决他们的人文问题。权利状况，但必须解决所有相关制度，包括执法的特殊问题和为影子劳动力提供补救措施； （2）国家研究不应忽视工具性论点，例如，占据政体的执法与安全问题之间的正相关关系，而应明确规定通过抑制雇主需求为工人提供权利的执法效果； （3）必须进行比较研究，以支持和进一步发展与未经批准的移民工人有关的新国际标准。

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    Lyon, Beth;

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